Fig. 4: Residual EU fossil fuel carbon consumption and final energy demand of hydrocarbons in 2050.
From: From net-zero to zero-fossil in transforming the EU energy system
a Fossil fuel carbon consumption in 2050 in the EU defined as the carbon content of all fossil fuels consumed in the energy system across sectors in standard net-zero scenarios (see Supplementary Table 1). The transparent green bars on the top represent storage of fossil fuel carbon via carbon capture and storage or in materials. All other categories refer to emitted carbon in different sectors of the energy system. Fuel Production refers to emissions from energy conversion technologies outside the electricity and heat sectors, such as oil refineries or emissions related to fossil extraction. CDR Energy Use refers to energy use of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) technologies. b Final energy demand for hydrocarbons (solid, liquid, gaseous carbonaceous fuels) in 2050 in the EU in standard net-zero scenarios. The FosFree-NZ scenario almost fully phases out the last 300 Mt CO2 yr−1 of fossil fuel carbon present in the LeastCost-NZ scenario by replacing liquid fossil fuels with carbon-neutral e-fuels.
