Fig. 5: mTORC1 promotes ILC2 activation partly through upregulation of NMUR1.

a, b Lung ILC2s sorted from R5/+ (Control) and R5/+ Rptor^f/f (KO) mice were infected with retrovirus expressing MIG or MIG-NMUR1. GFP⁺ infected cells were purified and cultured for 24 h in the presence of IL-7 (10 ng/ml) and NMU (10 ng/ml). The concentrations of IL-5 (a) and IL-13 (b) in culture supernatant were analyzed by ELISA (n = 13, 12, 9 from left to right). c–e Wild-type mice were challenged with papain intranasally. Lung tissues were collected at the indicated time points. c mRNA expression of Neuropeptide NMU in lung tissue (n = 3). d Quantification of NMU in the plasma of mice using ELISA (n = 4). e Relative mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of NMUR1 in ILC2s (n = 4). f–j Lung ILC2s sorted from R5/+ (Control) and R5/+ Rptor^f/f (KO) mice were infected with retrovirus expressing MIG or MIG-NMUR1. GFP⁺ infected cells were transferred to Rag2^–/–Il2rg^–/– mice, which were challenged with papain subsequently. The lungs were harvested and analyzed on day 7 (n = 5). f The number of ILC2s in the lungs. g, h Frequency and absolute counts of IL-5⁺ ILC2s (g) and IL-13⁺ ILC2s (h). i Absolute counts of lung eosinophils. j Alcian Blue–Periodic Acid–Schiff (AB-PAS) staining of lung sections and histological quantification of AB-PAS⁺ area by ImageJ. Scale bars, 50μm. Each symbol represents an individual mouse (a–j). Data were pooled from two independent experiments, shown as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was tested by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test in (a–j). p-values are shown on the graphs, and p-values < 0.0001 are reported as such. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.