Fig. 4: Convergence and evaluation of the velocity flow model across the DevCCF developmental trajectory.

(Top left) Total displacement error over iterations. (Top right) Median displacement error per integration point across the optimization timeline, spanning embryonic (E11.5) to postnatal (P56) stages. (Bottom) Dice similarity scores comparing region-level label overlap between: (1) conventional pairwise SyN registration and (2) velocity flow-based deformation, across intermediate timepoints. Using region-based pairwise registration with SyN as a performance upper bound, the velocity flow model achieves comparable accuracy while also enabling smooth, continuous deformation across the full developmental continuum.