Fig. 6: Benchmarking of baseline CAM production material costs for materials sourced from hydrometallurgical recycling and hydrometallurgical upcycling for NMC 95, NMC 811, NMC 622, NMC 532, and NMC 111 (in million USD GWh−1). | Nature Communications

Fig. 6: Benchmarking of baseline CAM production material costs for materials sourced from hydrometallurgical recycling and hydrometallurgical upcycling for NMC 95, NMC 811, NMC 622, NMC 532, and NMC 111 (in million USD GWh−1).

From: Primary material supply configurations and domestic recycling for cost-effective battery material production in the US

Fig. 6

Hydrometallurgical recycling facility processes black mass to Li2CO3, CoSO4 heptahydrate, NiSO4 hexahydrate, and MnSO4 monohydrate (input black mass metal contents equal output NMC chemistry); hydrometallurgical upcycling facility processes black mass to LiOH monohydrate and precursor CAM (NixMnyCoz)(OH)2 (pCAM) with metal content of output NMC chemistry (based on primary upcycling process data availability, model metal content of input black mass is approx. NMC 721 constantly across all output NMC chemistries; see also Supplementary Tables 17 and 19).

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