Fig. 5: Susceptibility of PBGProOx₂₀ to antimicrobial resistance and gene transcription analysis.

a Drug resistance development of S. aureus and E. coli after continuous treatment with PBGProOx₂₀ and antibiotics at a concentration of 0.5×MIC for 32 passages. b MIC changes of PBGProOx₂₀ and different antibiotics against S. aureus and E. coli, which were treated with PBGProOx₂₀ and antibiotics at a concentration of 0.5×MIC for 32 passages. c Volcano plot of DEGs in ciprofloxacin-treated and PBGProOx₂₀-treated S. aureus compared with untreated S. aureus. d Volcano plot of DEGs in moxifloxacin-treated and PBGProOx₂₀-treated E. coli compared with untreated E. coli. e KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs in ciprofloxacin-treated and PBGProOx₂₀-treated S. aureus compared with untreated S. aureus. The top 15 most enriched KEGG categories were shown in a scatter diagram in the comparison groups. f KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs in moxifloxacin-treated and PBGProOx₂₀-treated E. coli compared with untreated E. coli. g Heat map of efflux pump-associated DEGs between PBGProOx₂₀-treated, antibiotic-treated and untreated S. aureus and E. coli. Difference clustering heatmap of regulated efflux pump genes with the treatment of PBGProOx₂₀ and different antibiotics. Blue, red, and white bars represent the down-regulated genes, up-regulated genes, and the genes without significant changes, respectively. h GO enrichment analysis of DEGs in PBGProOx₂₀-treated S. aureus compared with untreated S. aureus. i Heat map of virulence-associated DEGs between PBGProOx₂₀-treated and untreated S. aureus.