Fig. 4: CD4+AIM+ T cell clustering analyses after immunization with Sinovac-QIV or Vaxigrip-TetraTM.

A Clustering analyses with the Phenograph algorithm (Euclidean distance, 350 neighbors) grouped CD4+AIM+ T cells in 29 clusters. B Relative expression levels of CD137, ICOS, CD45RA, Lag3, PD1, CCR7, CD69, CD38, OX40, and CXCR5 for each cluster were quantified and represented in a heatmap. Phenotype profile and changes in frequency of CD4+AIM+ T cell clusters following vaccination with Sinovac-QIV and Vaxigrip-TetraTM in response to (C) A/H1N1, (D) A/H3N2, (E) B/Vitoria, and (F) B/Yamagata. n = 27 (volunteers immunized with Sinovac-QIV) and n = 23 (volunteers immunized with Vaxigrip-TetraTM). Numbers above dots represent the mean. For each strain, a two-way mixed-effects ANOVA was performed, followed by Holm–Šídák’s multiple comparisons test. Paired comparisons were conducted within each vaccine group (day 0 vs. day 28), and unpaired comparisons were performed between vaccine groups at day 28. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Source data are provided in a Source Data file.