Fig. 3: Hardware design and characterization.

a Physical diagram and hardware flowchart of signal acquisition module. b Signals of different blinking degrees using signal acquisition module with HFSS. c Physical diagram and hardware flowchart of electric stimulator. d, e Characterization of electrical stimulator at different set current values with 10 kΩ impedance and 10 Hz frequency. f Characterization of electrical stimulator at different set duty ratio with 10 kΩ impedance and 10 Hz frequency. g Characterization of electrical stimulator at high frequency (1000 Hz) with 10 kΩ impedance. h Expanded view of the time axis in Fig. 3g.