Fig. 8: Additional nanostructures of sample WGN03.

a Overview of the nanostructure revealed by the second focused-ion beam (FIB) section cut from sample WGN03 that experienced dynamic rupture, i.e. slip rates of ≫ 1.5 mm/s, in the absence of a pore fluid. We observe the breakdown of biotite highlighted by the formation of small lense-shaped features (red arrows in b) and the growth of nanocrystalline magnetite crystals (c–g). Many magnetite crystals show Hopper growth, i.e. concave shaped crystal edges, and depletion/enrichment halos around the crystals.