Fig. 6: Illustration of the programmable nanodroplet buckling strategy.
a The formation of concave mesoporous silica nanoparticles. b Typical simulation snapshots (gray particles represent the solid shell layer, blue particles represent the aqueous phase, and the oil phase constitutes the surrounding environment) and c surface curvature hot spot distribution of nanoparticle depression in the propanol–water (C3) emulsion system. d Diagram of free energy/nucleation barrier against alcohols of different alkane chain lengths (C3–C7). e Simulation of interface growth rate (vi) and shell deposition rate (vs) of mesoporous nanoparticles with different concave and convex curvatures. Simulation of molecular density distribution in alcohol–water emulsion systems with different alkane chain lengths (red particles represent the oil phase, while blue particles represent the water phase) and schematic distribution of curvature hotspots on the concave–convex surface. f C4, g C5, and h C7.
