Fig. 4: Identifying solutions under fixed stochasticity levels.

Energy dynamics during iterations (left), solution distributions (middle), and predicted multiply-accumulates (MWCs) (right) for varying levels of stochasticity: a σ = 2.0, b 1.5, c 1.0, d 0.5, and e 0.2, based on 100 independent trials per condition. Detailed experimental output subgraphs corresponding to these five stochasticity levels are provided in Supplementary Table 2 (σ = 2.0), Table 3 (σ = 1.5), Table 4 (σ = 1.0), Table 5 (σ = 0.5), and Table 6 (σ = 0.2).