Fig. 3: Performance of monolithic perovskite/CIGS tandem devices with the AZO/Au/NiOx/4PADCB IRL.

a–d Comparison of VOC (a), FF (b), JSC (c), and PCE (d) for tandem devices with varying average Au layer thickness. e Schematic of the energy level diagram of the AZO/Au/NiOx/4PADCB recombination junction. f J–V curves for the champion tandem device. g External quantum efficiency (EQE) of the tandem device, where the slightly lower integrated JSC may result from insufficient light intensity to saturate metastable defects. h Historical progress of record efficiencies for monolithic perovskite/CIGS tandem devices. Each data point corresponds to a statistical set (n ≥ 22). The open circle, top and bottom whiskers, and box indicate the mean, minimum and maximum values, and the 25%–75% interquartile range, respectively.