Fig. 1: Intercomparison of liquid cloud properties response to aerosol perturbations (i.e., cloud susceptibilities) from volcanic degassing at Holuhraun, Iceland (October 2014), based on multiple model simulations with varying cloud schemes and process sensitivities, alongside observational constraints6.
Cloud susceptibilities (-dlnRe/dlnNd, dlnLWP/dlnNd, dlnCOD/dlnNd, and dlnLCC/dlnNd) are changes in cloud properties (Re cloud droplet effective radius, LWP liquid water path, COD cloud optical depth, LCC liquid cloud cover) in response to changes in droplet number concentration, Nd. a Six general circulation models (GCMs) from this study, representative of the Holuhraun region behaviour, and two GCMs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), representative of the global behaviour. b ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 model with varied cloud schemes. c ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 model (default cloud scheme) with cloud process sensitivities. The violin plots represent 90% confidence intervals of machine-learning-based observational constraints6, with the inner box showing the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles. Note: Liquid cloud cover is not available in CMIP6, so total cloud cover is used to calculate dlnLCC/dlnNd for MPI-ESM-1-2-HAM and UKESM1-0-LL in panel a.
