Fig. 1: Generalizing the characterization of sleep in C. andromeda across sizes and habitats.

a Behavioral recording setup. b Pulsations detected from normalized pixel-intensity change. A pulse event (red circle) is defined when the signal crosses the threshold (red dashed line). c Rhythmic pulsation activity over 72 h under LD. d Average pulsation rate under LD (n = 30; ****p < 0.0001). e Examples of fast (top) and slow (bottom) behavioral responses to light stimulation (yellow line). Black triangles mark response to stimulus. f Response latencies versus pre-stimulus pulsation activity. The vertical dashed line (determined from g) separates two distinct behavioral responses. g Classification error across pulsation rates. The minimum defines the optimal threshold (37 pulses/min) separating fast and slow responses. h Average latency in animals above vs. below this threshold (n = 27; ***p < 0.001). i Response latencies plotted against the time spent below 37 pulses/min before stimulus onset. The vertical dashed line (determined from j) separates two distinct behavioral responses. j Classification error across durations spent below 37 pulses/min. The minimum defines the optimal threshold (3 min) separating fast and slow responses. k Average latency in animals below vs. above the 3 min (n = 27; **p < 0.01). l Percent sleep over 72 h under LD. m Average sleep time under LD (n = 30; ****p < 0.0001). n LSP-based periodicity detection of the average sleep time in (l). o Sleep percentages in Ctl (n = 14) and SD (n = 18) animals under LD. p Average sleep percentage for Ctl and SD during day and night pre-SD and day post-SD (Ctl: n = 14, SD: n = 18; *p < 0.05). q Locomotor activity as a function of bell diameter in wild Cassiopea at Key Largo, FL (n = 662; ρ = −0.75, ****p < 0.0001, Spearman). r Average normalized activity per bell diameter group in day/night (****p < 0.0001). s Model-based prediction of 24 h sleep duration in wild Cassiopea. The horizontal grayscale bar represents gradual light changes during the field experiment. Boxplots show median (center line), interquartile range (box), and minima/maxima (whiskers); individual data connected in (d, m); mean (black cross) in (h, k, p, r). Data in (c, l, o, s) are presented as mean ± SEM. White, black, and red horizontal lines represent periods of light, dark, and SD. Wilcoxon signed-rank test (one-tailed) for (d, m). Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon (one-tailed) for (h, k, r). Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon (two-tailed) for (p). LSP periodicity detection with p < 0.01 (n).