Fig. 4: Effects of mean temperature and climatic variability on thermal trait diversity at the assemblage level.

a Assemblages in each location. The methodology illustration is by Yun-Kae Kiang, created for this study without third-party content. b Relationship between average annual mean temperature (Tmean) and thermal trait hypervolume. c Histogram of frequency of thermal tolerance range (TTrange) for high (M2, T1, M1) and low (C4, C3, C2) Tmean groups. d Mean and standard deviation (SD) of TTrange as a function of Tmean. e Relationship between diurnal temperature range (DTR) and thermal trait hypervolume. f Histogram of frequency of TTrange for high (T1, C3, C1) and low (M1, M2, T3) DTR groups. g Mean and SD of TTrange as a function of DTR. h Relationship between seasonal temperature range (STR) and thermal trait hypervolume. i Histogram of frequency of TTrange for high (C2, C3, C4) and low (M2, M1, T1) STR groups. j Mean and SD of TTrange as a function of STR. In b, d, e, g, h, j, solid lines indicate significant relationships, dashed lines indicate insignificant relationships, and shaded areas represent the 95% confidence interval for the fitted regression line. For detailed results of linear regression models, see Supplementary Table 5. Underlying data files are provided in a permanent Zenodo repository under the accession code 17409650.