Fig. 5: K-means cluster distribution of critical thermal limits and changes of cluster ratio across mean temperature and climatic variability.

a K-means clusters of empirical species. Ratio of warm-adapted species, heat-tolerant species, cold-adapted species and heat-sensitive species changes across average annual mean temperature (b), diurnal temperature range (c) and seasonal temperature range (d). Solid lines indicate significant relationships, dashed lines indicate insignificant relationships, and shaded areas represent the 95% confidence interval of the regression line. For detailed results for the fitted regression line, see Supplementary Table 6. In b–d, texts next to the points represent different assemblages in Fig. 4a. Underlying data files are provided in a permanent Zenodo repository under the accession code 17409650.