Fig. 3: Effect of MP on the principal gradient of brain functional organization.
From: Methylphenidate reorganizes cortical hierarchy through dopaminergic modulation
Surface renderings display the strength of the normalized principal gradient overlaid on lateral and medial views of the left and right hemispheres, along with six axial slices covering subcortical regions, for the placebo (PL; a) and methylphenidate (MP; b) conditions in 38 healthy adults. The parcellation atlas included 438 cortical and subcortical regions. c Statistical difference maps (t-scores) illustrate regions with significant changes in gradient strength between PL and MP, estimated using a linear mixed-effects (LME) model with age, sex, race, body mass index, and intelligence as covariates. The statistical maps are displayed using a false discovery rate (FDR) threshold of p < 0.05. d Paired plots show individual differences in principal gradient values under PL and MP in three bilateral regions of interest: the primary somatomotor cortex (3a), the inferior frontal sulcus (IFSa), and the dorsal anterior putamen (PUTda); each data point represents one biological replicate (n = 38 healthy adult participants), with matched values under both PL and MP conditions. Each box shows the median (center line), the interquartile range (IQR; bounds of the box representing the 25th and 75th percentiles), and the minimum and maximum values within 1.5 times the IQR (whiskers). All paired t-tests are two-sided. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
