Fig. 8: External validation of stimulant-related gradient compression in children.
From: Methylphenidate reorganizes cortical hierarchy through dopaminergic modulation
Children from the ABCD study diagnosed with ADHD and treated with stimulant medications (methylphenidate or amphetamines; 105 girls, 274 boys) were compared to unmedicated peers (2260 girls, 2319 boys). a Surface maps show uncorrected group differences (ANCOVA, p < 0.001) in the principal cortical gradient between medicated and unmedicated children, adjusting for inattention, sex, age, head motion, scanner type, and study site. The pattern of differences, displayed on ventral and lateral views of both hemispheres, mirrors the stimulant-related gradient compression seen in adults. All t-tests are two-sided. b Violin plots depict significantly higher gradient values in medicated children within bilateral anterior primary somatomotor cortex (area 3a), after correcting for inattention, sex, age, head motion, scanner type, and research site; P-values are from two-sided two-sample t-test. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
