Fig. 1: Dynamic single-cell multi-omics landscape of LACC patients during chemoradiotherapy and ICI.

a A schematic diagram of the treatment design and sample collection. Patients with LACC were divided into two groups: those receiving chemoradiotherapy alone (Radio) and those receiving chemoradiotherapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (Radio+ICI). Fresh tumor and blood samples were collected at four time points per patient for single-cell multi-omics analysis. b Characteristics of the single-cell multi-omics cohort, including the irAE onset, anatomic sites of irAEs, irAE grade, disease relapse status two years after entire treatment and number of samples for each sequencing (Supplementary Table 1). c Uniform manifold approximation and projection showing the major and fine-grained cell clusters. d, e Heatmaps illustrating the association between the percentage of major cell clusters and irAEs (d) or disease relapse (e). The magenta and cyan squares indicate the higher and lower percentages in irAE patients, respectively. The red and blue dots indicate the higher and lower percentages in non-relapsed patients, respectively. The size of the squares and dots represents statistical significance, with large, medium and small dots indicating FDR of <0.01, 0.01-0.1 and ≥0.1, respectively. × indicates the data was not applicable. P values were calculated using the two-sided Dirichlet-multinomial regression model and FDR values were calculated by the Benjamini–Hochberg method. Sample sizes: pre-radio and on-radio tumor (irAEs absent: n = 6; irAEs present: n = 12; non_relapsed: n = 8; relapsed n = 2); pre-radio PBMC (irAEs absent: n = 5; irAEs present: n = 4); pre-imm and on-imm PBMC (irAE absent: n = 3; irAE present: n = 8; non_relapsed: n = 3; relapsed: n = 2). All sample sizes reported are biological replicates, with the patient serving as the independent unit of study. LACC locally advanced cervical cancer, ICI immune checkpoint inhibitor, irAEs immune-related adverse events, Radio chemoradiotherapy, pre-radio before chemoradiotherapy and ICI, on-radio during chemoradiotherapy, pre-imm after chemoradiotherapy but before ICI, treatment in the Radio+ICI group, on-imm during ICI treatment in the Radio+ICI group, pre-chemo after chemoradiotherapy but before chemotherapy in the Radio group, on-chemo during chemotherapy in the Radio group, NK natural killer, DC dendritic cell. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.