Fig. 2: Prenatal factors associated with future type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis in ABIS.
From: The inflammatory path toward type 1 diabetes begins during pregnancy
a Distribution of family history of disease and b pregnancy and birth factors significantly associated with future T1D diagnosis, based on 167 T1D cases and 15,543 controls from the full All Babies in Southeast Sweden (ABIS) study. Sample sizes for cases and controls are provided in Supplementary Data 1 for each factor. c Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for dichotomous variables (i.e., with 1 degree of freedom). Statistics are provided in Supplementary Data 1, with controls as the reference group. d Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis comparing the accuracy of traditional and machine learning models, including logistic regression, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) using these factors alone, highlighting suboptimal predictive performance. Supplementary Data 1 provides chi-square statistics and the case/control counts for parent-reported variables on the birth questionnaire in the full ABIS cohort. e Proteins differentiating future T1D and controls, after controlling for significant environmental factors by propensity score matching in a 1:1 ratio using nearest neighbor (n = 280). Only the proteins that are significant after FDR correction for multiple comparions are indicated, with median fold change >0 indicating proteins higher in abundance in T1D and <0 indicating those higher in matched controls. ADAM23 disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 23, ADA adenosine deaminase, C-section cesarean section, CD40LG CD40 ligand, CTSC cathepsin C, DECR1 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1, FDR false discovery rate, HLA-DRA histocompatibility antigen, DR alpha chain, IDS iduronate 2-sulfatase, LAMA4 laminin subunit alpha-4, MEPE matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein, NTF3 neurotrophin-3, OR odds ratio, PLXNA4 plexin A4, PRSS8 serine protease 8, SCGB3A2 secretoglobin family 3A member 2, SIT1 signaling threshold-regulating transmembrane adaptor 1, SPINT2 serine protease inhibitor, Kunitz type 2, T2D type 2 diabetes, TIMP3 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3, XGBoost eXtreme Gradient Boosting.
