Fig. 4: Significant differences in normalized protein abundance by age at type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosis.

a–d Differences in protein abundance among controls (n = 286) and T1D stratified by groups based on age at T1D diagnosis: 0–5 years (n = 23), 6–10 years (n = 34; >5–10 years), 11–17 years (n = 60; >10–17 years), and 18–24 years (n = 29; >17–24 years), with p values shown and asterisks indicating significance from Wilcoxon tests using the Olink Analyze R package, after false discovery rate (FDR) correction. For all significant proteins, see Supplementary Data 8e–g) Pathways significantly enriched among proteins differing most in the 0–5 year group, identified using the STRING database (similarity threshold ≥0.8). FDR-adjusted p-values are shown. e Wikipathways; f KEGG pathways; g Gene Ontology: Biological Process. Functional enrichment results are provided in Supplementary Data 9. Abbreviations for the proteins marked by asterisks in the plot (p < 0.05 after FDR correction): ADA adenosine deaminase, ACTN4 actinin alpha-4, AMN amnionless, ARHGEF12 Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12, ATP5IF1 ATP synthase inhibitory factor 1, AXIN1 axin-1, CASP2 caspase-2, CD40 CD40 molecule, CD40LG CD40 ligand, CD84 CD84 molecule, CDSN corneodesmosin, CKMT1A_CKMT1B creatine kinase, mitochondrial 1A/1B, CLP2 caseinolytic mitochondrial matrix peptidase proteolytic subunit, CNAJA2 cochaperone Cdc37 homolog A2, COL9A1 collagen type IX alpha-1, CRKL CRK-like protein, CRLF1 cytokine receptor-like factor 1, CTSO cathepsin O, DBNL drebrin-like protein, DECR1 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase 1, DGKZ diacylglycerol kinase zeta, FOXO1 forkhead box protein O1, GMPR guanosine monophosphate reductase, HLA-DRA major histocompatibility complex, class II, DR alpha, HPCAL1 hippocalcin-like protein 1, IDS iduronate 2-sulfatase, IKBKG inhibitor of kappa-B kinase regulatory subunit gamma, IL5RA interleukin-5 receptor subunit alpha, IL17D interleukin-17D, IRAK1 interleukin-1 receptor–associated kinase 1, ISM1 ischemia-induced mitogen 1, KYNU kynureninase, LAMA4 laminin subunit alpha-4, LAT linker for activation of T cells, LSP1 lymphocyte-specific protein 1, MAP2K6 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 6, MEPE matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein, METAP1D methionine aminopeptidase type 1D, MPIG6B megakaryocyte and platelet inhibitory receptor G6b, MYO9B myosin-IXb, NCK2 NCK adaptor protein 2, NFATC1 nuclear factor of activated T cells 1, NPPC natriuretic peptide C, NTF3, neurotrophin-3, OMD osteomodulin, PDLIM7 PDZ and LIM domain protein 7, PLXNA4 plexin A4, PPP1R9B protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 9B, PRDX5 peroxiredoxin-5, PRKAB1 AMP-activated protein kinase subunit beta-1, PRKCQ protein kinase C theta, PSMG3 proteasome assembly chaperone 3, PTH1R parathyroid hormone 1 receptor, RAB37 RAB37 GTPase, SAMD9L sterile alpha motif domain–containing protein 9-like, SH2D1A SH2 domain–containing protein 1A, SIT1 signaling threshold-regulating transmembrane adapter 1, SKAP2 src kinase-associated phosphoprotein 2, SPINT2 serine protease inhibitor, Kunitz type 2, SPRY2 sprouty RTK signaling antagonist 2, STX8 syntaxin-8, TBC1D5 TBC1 domain family member 5, TIMP3 tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3, TNFSF12 TNF superfamily member 12.