Fig. 1: Integrated HARVEST platform for wireless subsoil monitoring. | Nature Communications

Fig. 1: Integrated HARVEST platform for wireless subsoil monitoring.

From: A smart nail platform for wireless subsoil health monitoring via unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted radio frequency interrogation

Fig. 1: Integrated HARVEST platform for wireless subsoil monitoring.

a Schematic of UAV-assisted RF interrogation of HARVEST sensors deployed across an agricultural field for spatially distributed monitoring. Enlarged view of the HARVEST sensor showing its two key components: the Sensing Module comprising nail-shaped probes embedded in the soil for measuring volumetric water content (VWC) and electrical conductivity (EC), and the Data Communication Module featuring a circular, triple-SRR antenna for far-field wireless transmission. b Illustration of how variations in soil parameters are wirelessly monitored with the HARVEST system and enable spatial mapping of subsoil VWC and EC across fields. Created in BioRender. Rahimi, R. (2025) https://BioRender.com/cl60guq.

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