Fig. 1: SP ameliorates colitis symptoms and anxiety-like behaviors in DSS-induced mice.

a Study design for study 1 (Some schematic elements were created by Figdraw.com), and a detailed description is provided in the Methods section. b Daily DAI throughout the entire duration of the study. n = 8 mice/group. c Percentage body weight change. n = 8 mice/group. d Colon lengths image. e Representative images of hematoxylin and eosin-stained colonic sections, and histology scores. Scale bar = 100 μm. n = 6 mice/group. f Microvilli in the ultrastructure of the colon observed by TEM. Scale bar = 2 μm. n = 5 independent experiments. g Representative images of alcian blue-stained colonic sections, and the number of goblet cells per crypt. n  =  6 mice/group (CON, DSS + SP, SP) and 5 mice/group (DSS). h Immunofluorescence staining for MUC2 (green) with DAPI (blue) in colonic tissues and statistical analysis, Scale bar =100 μm. n = 4 mice/group. i The concentration of FITC-Dextran in serum. n = 4 mice/group. j The levels of inflammatory cytokines in colon tissues. n = 4 mice/group. k Diagram of the open-field test (Created by Figdraw.com) and representative track image. l Total distance traveled, time spent and distance traveled in the central region. n = 6 mice/group. m Diagram of the elevated plus maze (Some schematic elements were created by Figdraw.com) and representative track image. n Percentage of distance traveled in the open arms, percentage of time spent in the open arms, and percentage of times entering the open arms. n = 6 mice/group. o Diagram of the elevated zero maze (Some schematic elements were created by Figdraw.com) and representative track image. p Statistical analysis (percentage of distance traveled in the open zones, percentage of time spent in the open zones, and percentage of times entering the open zones). n = 6 mice/group. q Diagram of the light-dark box (Created by Figdraw.com) with statistical analysis (percentage of distance traveled in the light area, percentage of time spent in the light area, and transitions between the two boxes). n = 6 mice/group. Data were presented as means ± SD. For DAI score and body weight change, two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed and the rest of the statistics was analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *P  ≤  0.05, **P  ≤  0.01, ***P  ≤  0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.