Fig. 2: SP mitigates hippocampal damage and neuroinflammation in DSS-induced mice.
a, b Representative image of H&E staining in the hippocampus and quantification of cells with lesions. n = 6 mice/group. c, d Representative images of Nissl staining and quantification of hippocampal neurons with lesions. n = 4 mice/group. e, f Heatmaps and concentrations of representative pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-9, IFN-γ, IL-13, IL-6 IL-4, IL-5, G-CSF, IL-10, GM-CSF, IL-10, GM-CSF, MIP-1β and IL-12P70 in the hippocampus. n = 4 mice/group. g, h Immunofluorescence images of DAPI (blue) and Iba-1 (red) in the DG region of the hippocampus, and quantitative analysis of the number of Iba-1-positive microglia. Scale bar = 50 μm. n = 3 mice/group. i, j Immunofluorescence images of GFAP (red) and DAPI (blue) in the DG region of the hippocampus, quantitative analysis of the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes. Scale bar = 50 μm. n = 3 mice/group. k Western blot analysis of GFAP and iNOS protein expressions in the hippocampus. l Quantification of normalized values of GFAP and iNOS levels with β-actin. n = 3 independent experiments. Data were presented as means ± SD. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ***P ≤ 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
