Fig. 1: Spatial distribution and temporal coverage of water age measurements in the North Atlantic.

a Spatial distribution of water age profiles from 1985 to 2021 in the North Atlantic. The filled circles present the profiles measured in both 1985–1999 and 2000–2014 periods, and the shading color in the filled circles indicates the maximum depth of each selected age profile. The cross symbol indicates the age profiles in both periods of 2000–2014 and 2015–2021. The open blue (almost none) and red circles indicate water age profiles measured only in periods of 1985–1999 and 2000–2014, respectively. Measurements in the Caribbean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea have been excluded. b Annual count of water age measurements from 1985 to 2021 in GLODAPv2.2022. Dashed lines delineate the three time periods: 1985–1999, 2000–2014, and 2015–2021. The numbers of measurements suitable for age calculation in each period are 7231, 21374, and 4229, respectively (see “Method” for details).