Fig. 2: Observed temporal changes in water age and apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) in the North Atlantic from the 1990s to the 2010s.

a, b Kernel Smoothing density estimates of water age (years) and AOU (μmol/kg) measured in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s for all sections. c, d Kernel Smoothing density estimates of the changes in water age (Δage) and AOU (ΔAOU) in the North Atlantic for repeated sections (blue: 2000s minus 1990s, red: 2010s minus 2000s). Zonal mean of Δage and ΔAOU in the North Atlantic, comparing the 2000s to the 1990s (e, f), and the 2010s to the 2000s (g, h). The data is from GLODAPv2.202259.