Table 2 Temporal change (2000s minus 1990s) of North Atlantic water age and Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU) across multi-model mean and seven individual Earth System models

From: North Atlantic ventilation change over the past three decades is potentially driven by climate change

Variable

Models

Mean

Median

Mode

Volume weighted mean

ΔWater age (yr)

Multi-model meana

+2.3  ± 1.2

+2.3  ± 0.7

+1.7  ± 1.1

+2.3  ± 0.9

 

CanESM5

+3.6

+2.6

+1.7

+3.8

 

EC-Earth3-CC

+4.0

+3.4

+2.6

+2.6

 

MRI-ESM2-0

+2.6

+2.5

+1.4

+2.2

 

NorESM2-LM

+2.1

+2.5

+2.6

+2.7

 

NorESM2-MM

+1.3

+2.6

+2.8

+2.4

 

UKESM1-0-LL

+0.7

+1.2

-0.5

+1.1

 

FOCI-MOPS

+1.7

+1.6

+1.6

+1.3

ΔAOU (μmol/kg)

Multi-model meana

+0.8  ± 0.3

+0.7  ± 0.4

+0.5  ± 0.3

+0.6  ± 0.2

 

CanESM5

+0.5

+0.5

+0.6

+0.5

 

EC-Earth3-CC

+1.3

+1.3

+0.8

+0.4

 

MRI-ESM2-0

+0.4

+0.3

+0.2

+0.7

 

NorESM2-LM

+0.8

+0.8

+0.9

+0.8

 

NorESM2-MM

+0.9

+0.5

+0.4

+0.6

 

UKESM1-0-LL

+1.1

+1.1

+0.2

+1.0

 

FOCI-MOPS

+0.5

+0.2

+0.3

+0.4

  1. Model outputs are subsampled to match the spatial and temporal locations of observational data.
  2. aFor multi-models mean: mean  ± one standard deviation.