Fig. 1: Global changes in rain rate of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs).
From: Global increase in rain rate of tropical cyclones prior to landfall
The mean rain rates of all TCs from 60 h before landfall to the time at landfall at 3-hourly intervals (solid line with black dots) and the linear trends (dashed line) from 1980 to 2020. The x-axes time is in hours relative to landfall time (00 h), with negative meaning hours before landfall. The rain rates in different regions are shown by (a) Global, (b) North Hemisphere (NH), (c) South Hemisphere (SH). d North Indian (NI), (e) Western North Pacific (WNP), (f) Eastern North Pacific (ENP), (g) North Atlantic (NA), (h). South Indian (SI) and (i) South Pacific (SP). Statistical significance of the linear trends was assessed using a Student’s t test. Light shading in all panels represents the two-sided 95% confidence interval. Dashed lines show the linear regression of the mean rain rate with the time before landfall. Regression coefficients (mm h⁻¹ per day) and their standard errors are shown at the bottom center, and the R² and P values are provided at the top right of each panel.
