Fig. 2: Track and changes in rain rate, intensity, size and environmental parameters of the simulated Tropical cyclone (TC) in the control experiment (EXP1, Land-Rad).
From: Global increase in rain rate of tropical cyclones prior to landfall
a 60-hr track, (b) rain rate (mm h−1), (c) maximum wind speed (m s−1), (d) radius of 17 m s−1 wind(R17, km), (e) relative humidity (%), (f) vertical velocity (Pa s−1); (g) divergence (10−5 s−1), and (h) stability (K km−1) of the simulated TC at 6-hourly intervals (solid lines with black dots). Different colors of lines and shading represent different environmental parameters across the entire TC (0–500 km radius). In (a), the starting point is the TC location 60 h before landfall (red dot) and the blue dashed line indicates the coastline, with land to the west and the sea to the east. Light shading in (b–h) represents the 95% confidence interval of the linear trend. Statistical significance of the linear trends was assessed using a Student’s t test. Dashed lines indicate the linear regression of the rain rate, intensity, size and environmental parameters during the time before landfall. Linear regression coefficients with corresponding standard errors are shown at the bottom, and R² and p values are provided in the top right corner. Time is presented in hours relative to landfall (00 h), with negative values indicating hours before TC landfall.
