Fig. 1: CCBs use and AAD/AAD subtypes risks in the UKB.

a Overview of the included AAD-free participants from the UKB (n = 501,878). Pie chart showed the exposure groups categorized by hypertension and antihypertensive medications in relation to the total number of included participants. b Association of hypertension status and antihypertensive medication use (CCBs or other antihypertensive medication excluding CCBs use) with AAD/AAD subtypes risks among the AAD-free UKB participants (n = 501,878). Adjusted HRs of AAD/AAD subtypes risks were calculated via Cox model adjusted for age (years), sex (men; women), BMI (kg/m²), total cholesterol (mmol/L), triglycerides (mmol/L), smoking status (never; previous; current), education (College or University degree; A levels or equivalent; O levels or equivalent; None of the above), ethnicity (white; or others), and systolic blood pressure (mmHg). Squares represented HRs and error bars represented 95% CIs. The dashed line indicated the reference line (HR = 1.0). All statistical tests were two-sided, and no adjustments were made for multiple comparisons. c Association of CCBs with AAD risk among participants with hypertension and any antihypertensive medication use (n = 98,882, including 34,421 participants with hypertension using CCBs and 64,461 participants with hypertension using other antihypertensive medication use except for CCBs). Adjusted HR of AAD risk was calculated via Cox model adjusted for age (years), sex (men; women), BMI (kg/m2), total cholesterol (mmol/L), triglycerides (mmol/L), smoking status (never; previous; current), education (College or University degree; A levels or equivalent; O levels or equivalent; None of the above), ethnicity (white; or others), and systolic blood pressure (mmHg). Squares represented HRs and error bars represented 95% CIs. The dashed line indicated the reference line (HR = 1.0). All statistical tests were two-sided, and no adjustments were made for multiple comparisons. d Subtypes and chemical structures of CCBs. e Association of CCBs subtypes use with AAD risk among the UKB participants with hypertension (n = 142,419). Adjusted HRs of AAD risk were calculated via Cox model adjusted for age (years), sex (men; women), BMI (kg/m²), total cholesterol (mmol/L), triglycerides (mmol/L), smoking status (never; previous; current), education (College or University degree; A levels or equivalent; O levels or equivalent; None of the above), ethnicity (white; or others), systolic blood pressure (mmHg), and simultaneous use of other antihypertensive medications. Squares represented HRs and error bars represented 95% CIs. The dashed line indicated the reference line (HR = 1.0). All statistical tests were two-sided, and no adjustments were made for multiple comparisons. AAD Aortic aneurysm and dissection, TAAD Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection, AAA Abdominal aortic aneurysm, CCB, Calcium channel blocker, BMI body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; aHR, adjusted hazard ratio; ref, reference.