Fig. 3: Basic characterization of PSC Nb2O5 monolith loaded with Pt clusters.

a–c HAADF-STEM images of PSC Nb2O5 monolith with loaded Pt clusters on the surface. d Elemental mapping of PSC Nb2O5 monolith with loaded Pt clusters on the surface. e Differential charge density graph of the surface structures with Pt clusters on the surface. f HS-LEISS of PSC Nb2O5 monolith with loaded Pt clusters on the surface. g, h EXAFS of PSC Nb2O5 monoliths with loaded Pt clusters on the surface. i Raman spectra of PSC Nb2O5 monoliths with loaded Pt clusters on the surface.