Fig. 4: Electrical performance of molecularly clustered hydrogels under different temperatures.
From: Molecular clustering unlocks high-performance hydrovoltaics across temperatures from −35 °C to 80 °C
a Temperature-dependent ionic conductivity of molecularly clustered hydrogels. b Electrical resistance (RT) comparison of hydrogels with and without molecular clusters across varying temperatures. c Temperature gradient (ΔT)-response potential difference (ΔE) of hydrogels with and without molecular clusters. d Integrated sample photo of molecularly clustered hydrogels. e Hydrovoltaic open-circuit voltage (Voc) of molecularly clustered hydrogels maintained over an extended period at 80 °C and −35 °C. The thick solid line represents the mean, the thin solid line represents the measured data, and the shaded area shows the difference between them. f, g Schematic, photographs, and current response signals of molecularly clustered hydrogels under applied pressure, showcasing potential applications in piezoelectric devices for a wide temperature range. The shaded area separates different applied pressures. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.
