Fig. 4: The performance and stability of photovoltaic devices.

a The J-V curves and b EQE spectra and integrated JSC of control and target devices. c Stable power output curves under MPP conditions. d Light intensity dependence, e dark J–V curves, f Mott–Schottky plots of control and target PSCs. g The enlarged picture of the dead zone. h The J-V curves of the control and target PSMs. i The efficiency distribution of 12 PSMs based on control and target SAM. j The MPPT test of the device under illumination. k Devices’ stability tested at 65 °C in N2.