Fig. 4: Amplification of mechanical forces and displacements in EsMV actuators.
From: Elasto-magnetic instabilities for amplified actuation and mechanical memory
a, b Launching a ball in each system, a NC-EsMV and b C-EsMV. Despite identical energy input (Ipeak = 1.0 A), greater elastic energy stored in the membrane results in a more forceful launch in the coupled system (Scale bar = 1 cm). c Maximum potential energy of the ball in two systems. d Maximum impact force as a function of input current in each system (fi = 1 Hz). e Input frequencies effect on impact forces. As the frequency approaches the resonance, maximum impact force is increased, leading to a breaking of glass (0.1 mm) at higher frequencies (fi = 30 Hz, Ipeak = 1.5 A). Scale bar, 5 mm. f Geometric asymmetry effect on impact forces. As the initial position on the right side (DR) between the magnet and electromagnet increases, controlling the left position (DL) and the thickness of magnets (hL, hR) modulates vibration amplifications. g The flutter of wings with a NC-EsMV actuator and a C-EsMV actuator. Scale bar, 1 cm. h The angle of the flapping as a function of frequency in each system. Inset snapshots show the motion of flapping at each system near its resonance frequency (fi, NC = 25 Hz, fi, C = 27 Hz). i The angle of the flapping as a function of input current in C-EsMV actuator operating near resonance (fi, C = 27 Hz). In all experiments, error bars denote SDs; n = 5.
