Fig. 1: Thermotropic properties of 1-BP and their influence on perovskite films management.

a Schematic of 1-BP and conventional passivation methods modified perovskite films. b The molecular structures and electrostatic potentials of 1-BP. The color bar from blue to red marks the increment of EPR. Schematic of (c) control and (d) 1-BP modification perovskite interface for I vacancy. e Synchronous thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) detection for 1-BP and perovskite/1-BP. AFM-IR topographic and corresponding 1680 cm−1 absorption images on top surface of (f) control and (g) 1-BP films. The High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) image of the (h) 1-BP perovskite. 2D GIWAXS data of the (i) control and (j) 1-BP perovskite films.