Fig. 1: Pollen diversity within angiosperms.

Representative scanning electron microscope (SEM) pollen images from species listed in Supplementary Table 1, which provides the image sources. Micrographs were selected to illustrate the typical pollen morphology reported for each species, based on visual comparison of multiple pollen grains during image selection. Taxa are numbered and ordered according to a linearised sequence following APG IV classification. (1-2): ANA grade; (3-5): Magnoliids; (6): Chloranthales; (7-10): Other monocots; (11-12): Commelinids; (13): Ceratophyllales; (14-17): Other eudicots; (18-19): Other superrosids; (20-28): Rosids; (29-33): Other superasterids; (34-40): Asterids. Scale bars: 10 µm (1-7, 9-10, 12-19, 21, 22, 24, 26, 28-32, 34, 36-40); 20 µm (11, 20, 23, 25, 27, 33); 30 µm (8); 150 µm (35). Ordinal-level chronograms are shown (bottom), subsampled from our full time-calibrated phylogeny. Coloured bars above the chronogram indicate the major angiosperm lineages (ANA grade, Magnoliids, Monocots, and Eudicots). OthE, other eudicots; OthM, other monocots; OtSA, other superasterids; OtSR, other superrosids.