Fig. 2: The entire process of precursor pyrolysis and PyC deposition.

a–c Reaction enthalpy (\({{\boldsymbol{\triangle }}}\)H) and d–f Gibbs free energy change (\({{\boldsymbol{\triangle }}}\)G) of each elementary reaction among the reactions from CH4 to C6H6 calculated by HSC software. g SEM image of PG@PyC-20 preform. h–j SEM and TEM images of PG@PyC-40 preform. Pristine graphene and pyrocarbon are defined as PG and PyC, respectively. k Schematic diagram of the PyC deposition process.