Fig. 2: Basic characterization and mechanical properties of the hydrogels.

A Gel formation process. B Gluing time (n = 8). C Water retention performance (n = 7). D Water supply performance (n = 8). E Swelling rate (n = 10). F Equilibrium swelling rate (n = 10). G Degradation curve (n = 8). H Rheological test. I, J Time scan test. K Tensile test curve. L–P Compression‒unloading test. Q Strength, toughness, and energy dissipation (n = 5). R Macroscopic joint adhesion. S Macroscopic mechanical properties. T SEM image (n values derived from different experimental units. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation).