Fig. 6: Characterization of exosomes and in vitro biological functions of HAPP@H-EXO.

A TEM image of exosomes. B NTA of exosomes. C Western blot analysis of CD9, CD63, TSG101, and calnexin expression. D Immunofluorescence of internalized exosomes (Wistracker) from TDSCs. E Quantification of Wistracker fluorescence intensity. F FE-SEM images of HAPP@H-EXO and HAPP@EXO. G Wistracker-labelled exosomes were uniformly embedded in the hydrogels. H Slow-release curves of exosomes at H pH = 7.4 and I pH = 5.0. Cell proliferation rates of J L929 cells and K TDSCs. L Scratch assay of L L929 cells and M TDSCs. N Quantification of the mobility of NL929 cells and O TDSCs. P HUVEC in vitro tube-forming images. Q Number of nodes associated with HUVEC tube formation with R total branch length. S Immunofluorescence images of COL1 in TDSCs and T quantification of fluorescence intensity (n = 6. n values derived from different experimental units. The data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. The E statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA, The (J–K), (N–O), (Q–T) statistical significance was determined by multiway ANOVA).