Fig. 4: Time evolution of Eu2+ populations at excited states. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Time evolution of Eu2+ populations at excited states.

From: Resolving energy transfer dynamics in Eu²⁺-activated multi-site phosphors via metaheuristic optimization and physics-informed neural networks

Fig. 4: Time evolution of Eu2+ populations at excited states.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Estimated from GA-driven and b PSO-driven Runge–Kutta processes. The curves represent regular donors (\({D}^{{{\rm{e}}}}\)), defective donors (\({\bar{D}}^{{{\rm{e}}}}\)), regular acceptors (\({A}^{{{\rm{e}}}}\)), defective acceptors (\({\bar{A}}^{{{\rm{e}}}}\)).

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