Fig. 1: Seismic and geodetic monitoring of the 2018 Sierra Negra eruption.

a Map view of seismic stations (inverted triangles) within and around the Sierra Negra caldera, Galápagos Islands, used in this study. b The distribution of seismic events (circles) recorded on 26 June 201812, the Trapdoor Fault (dashed black lines), the seismic stations (inverted triangles), and continuous Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations (white squares) are overlain on topography71. The blue star marks the epicenter of the moment magnitude (Mw) 5.4 earthquake that occurred at 09:15 UTC on 26 June 201812. The circles and the blue star are color-coded by event origin time in UTC. The first eruptive fissures were located north-northwest of Volcán Chico50. c Vertical profile of earthquake hypocenters along a North-South cross-section. The sill-like magma reservoir is highlighted by the red-shaded zone12.