Fig. 4: Cortico-limbic signaling during sleep and wakefulness. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Cortico-limbic signaling during sleep and wakefulness.

From: Directed cortico-limbic dialogue in the human brain

Fig. 4: Cortico-limbic signaling during sleep and wakefulness.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a Example of visually scored hypnogram from scalp EEG in one participant. Schematic created in BioRender. Baud, M. (2025) https://BioRender.com/0i46iia. b Corresponding cortical response magnitude upon stimulation in the hippocampus (light green, b1) or amygdala (dark green, b2) showing modulation by sleep. c Examples of eight iEEG responses in the dorsofrontal cortex upon stimulation in the hippocampus (c1) or the amygdala (c2) recorded in one electrode in one individual across vigilance states (W, N, R legend in figure bottom). Signaling probability is calculated from the significant responses (colored, non-significant are gray) out of the total number of stimulations delivered. Bottom: average (±SD, shading) of significant responses. The response magnitude is calculated in the shaded window and shown as a horizontal line to illustrate the stretched length of the response signal (line length). d1-2 Connectograms showing the mean percentage increase (red gradient) or decrease (blue gradient) in response magnitude during sleep (NREM left, REM right) compared to wakefulness. Significant modulation for a given pair of brain regions is shown as a colored line (p < 0.05 on two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test with FDR correction, non-significant in gray). e, f 1-2 Median stimulation-response curves (95% CI shaded) and corresponding ExI for varying response magnitude across vigilance states (normalized to the max response) upon stimulation at a range of stimulation intensities (0.2–12 mA, normalized from 0 to 1). Stimulations in the hippocampus or amygdala were recorded in all available neocortical regions (efferences in f), and stimulations in one or two neocortical regions were recorded in the amygdala and hippocampus (afferences in e, # connections indicated). Right: corresponding NREM and REM sleep modulation of the excitability index with p-values from the two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test. NS: not significant. Source data for d–f are provided in the Source Data file.

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