Fig. 2: Optimized NAc stimulation resulted in sustained clinical outcomes, with lower charge requirement.

a Longitudinal self-reported outcome measures following personalized DBS (1-/2+ , 6 mA, 90 µs, 130 Hz). Each bar represents a single standardized assessment (e.g., BSCS, OCDUS, craving VAS) at predefined follow-up visits. Different measures have different scoring ranges; see Online Methods section for scale descriptions. No error bars are shown, as values reflect single observations per time point. The subject remained abstinent from drug use throughout follow-up period. Source data are provided as a Source Data file. b–g Volume of tissue activation (VTA) modelling in green based on finite-element modeling (FEM) and structural connectivity analysis based on (b–d) new DBS parameters (1-/2+ , 6 m A, 90 μs, 130 Hz) and (e–g) original DBS parameters (C+/4-(60%)5-(40%), 14.5 mA, 70 μs, 130 Hz). Middle and right panels display coronal and sagittal views of structural connectivity of estimated VTAs to other brain regions. Blue streamlines are connectivity associated with NAc shell stimulation. Red streamlines are connectivity associated with ALIC stimulation. BSCS = Brief Substance Cravings Scale; DBS = deep brain stimulation; NAc = nucleus accumbens; OCDUS = Obsessive-Compulsive Drug Use Scale; VTA = volume of tissue activation. The notation “C+/4-(60%) 5-(40%)” indicates stimulation with the case as anode, and contacts 4 and 5 as cathodes, receiving 60% and 40% of the current, respectively.