Fig. 2: Design and structural characterizations of All-Cel foam.

a Schematic illustration depicting the fabrication of All-Cel foam through the solvent-induced molecular assembly and the construction of gradient structure. These images were conceived by the authors and created using Adobe Illustrator 2023 software. b SEM image showcasing the dense surface structure of All-Cel foam. c Digital photograph displaying the cross-section of All-Cel foam. d SEM images highlighting the gradient cross-sectional structure of All-Cel foam. e Graph showing the density values corresponding to foams with varying thicknesses. f Two-dimensional (2D) wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) pattern of All-Cel foam, illustrating its crystalline structure. g Digital images demonstrating the functionality of All-Cel foam; on the left, a 1.3 g sample of the foam supports a 500 g weight, and on the right, it remains atop a dandelion, emphasizing its high mechanical strength and lightweight characteristics.