Fig. 3: Superior mechanical properties of All-Cel foam.

a–c Compressive properties represented by stress-strain curves (a), compressive modulus (b), and compressive strength at 60% strain (c) of All-Cel foam compared to commercial plastic foams. d–f Bending properties illustrated by flexural stress-strain curves (d), flexural strength (e), and flexural modulus (f) of All-Cel foam versus commercial plastic foams. g Digital photographs showing the All-Cel foam’s mechanical robustness. h Comparison of the impact resistance between All-Cel foam and commercial plastic foams. Values in (b, c, e, f, and h) represent their means ± SDs from n = 5 independent samples.