Fig. 4: Thermal properties and fire-retardant treatment of All-Cel foam. | Nature Communications

Fig. 4: Thermal properties and fire-retardant treatment of All-Cel foam.

From: A gradient-structured all-cellulose biofoam enabled by solvent-induced molecular assembly for sustainable insulation modules

Fig. 4: Thermal properties and fire-retardant treatment of All-Cel foam.

a The storage modulus of All-Cel foam compared to commercial plastic foams. b Digital images illustrate the appearance of All-Cel foam alongside commercial plastic foams at ambient temperature (25 °C) and elevated temperature (200 °C), visually demonstrating its superior thermal stability. c–e Cone calorimeter tests of All-Cel/PA foam compared to commercial PP, EPS, and PU foams: heat release rate (HRR) in (c), total heat release (THR) in (d), and smoke production rate (SPR) in (e). f The limiting oxygen index (LOI) for All-Cel/PA foam, underlining its enhanced resistance to ignition and combustion. g Digital images from the vertical burning test of All-Cel/PA foam showcase its ability to resist and extinguish fire, confirming its practical application in fire-sensitive environments.

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