Fig. 3: Global HDI estimates at the municipal and grid levels.

A Official United Nations HDI at the country level4 B HDI data at the province level from Smits and Permanyer7. C Municipal level estimates of HDI produced here. D Grid level estimates of HDI at the 0.1∘ by 0.1∘ (approximately 10km by 10km) level produced here. Gray in the grid-level estimates indicates land area believed to be unsettled60. All data shown are for the year 2019. The municipal shapefile used here is from geoBoundaries65, published under a (CC-BY 4.0 license.).