Fig. 2: Combined αVEGF treatment enhances αPD1 efficacy in the mouse schwannoma models.

Diagram showing the timeline of αVEGF and αPD1 combination treatment in the CPA and SN mouse schwannoma models. Tumor-bearing mice were treated with control IgG, αPD1 (200 μg/mice), αVEGF (2.5 mg/kg), or combined αPD1 and αVEGF. The schematic in A was created in BioRender. Xu, L. (2026) http://BioRender.com/yltfaz6. B In the sciatic nerve model, tumor size was measured by caliper every 3 days post-treatment. *P = 0.00007. N = 18 mice/group. C In the CPA model, animal survival is recorded by the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. *P = 0.00006. D A hearing function test was performed on the CPA model when mice exhibited ataxia. ABR threshold as a function of frequency in mice treated with control IgG (Ctrl), αPD1, αVEGF, and combination antibodies (Comb). Non-tumor-bearing mice served as a baseline control. Ctrl vs. αPD1: 5.66 kHz: P = 0.005, 8.0 kHz: P = 0.001, 11.33 kHz: P = 0.004, 16.0 kHz: P = 0.0002, 22.65 kHz: P = 0.001, 32.0 kHz: P = 0.00005, 45.25 kHz: P = 0.013; Ctrl vs. αVEGF: 5.66 kHz: P = 0.0001, 8.0 kHz: P = 0.0001, 11.33 kHz: P = 0.024, 16.0 kHz: P = 0.007, 22.65 kHz: P = 0.02, 32.0 kHz: P = 0.008, 45.25 kHz: P = 0.0001; Ctrl vs. Comb: 5.66 kHz: P = 0.022, 8.0 kHz: P = 0.002, 11.33 kHz: P = 0.016, 16.0 kHz: P = 0.006, 22.65 kHz: P = 0.0004, 32.0 kHz: P = 0.004, 45.25 kHz: P = 0.01. N = 18 mice/group. All animal studies are representative of at least three independent experiments, with graphs depicting the mean ± SEM. Differences in sciatic nerve tumor growth were analyzed using repeated-measures two-way ANOVA. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were analyzed by the Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. ABR thresholds were analyzed with a linear mixed-effects model.