Fig. 2: Rapid increase in soil-based compound dry-hot extremes (CDHEs).

a Spatial pattern of linear trends in the annual frequency of soil-based CDHEs in China over 1980–2017 (dots denote statistically significant trends based on the two-sided Mann–Kendall trend test, p \( < \)0.01). b Time series of the regional area-weighted mean frequency of soil-based CDHEs over 1980–2017. c Time series of the spatial coverage area of soil-based CDHEs in China over 1980–2017. A grid cell is defined as part of the affected area if it experiences at least three soil-based CDHE days during a given warm season. The blue line represents the linear regression slope, with blue shading indicating its 95% confidence interval. The linear regression slope (b), its 95% confidence interval (values in parenthesis), and p-value (p) are shown.