Fig. 2: Characterization of SOC effect and SOC-mediated photocatalytic CO2RR performance of various materials.

a SRXPS spectra. b soft XAS spectra of Ni-SnS2 and Ni-TSnS2. c XAFS spectra. d Evolution rates of C2H6, CH4, CO and H2 for various photocatalysts. All measurements were performed at 1 atm CO2 and room temperature. Data in Fig. 2d are presented as mean values ± s.d. (standard deviation). Each error bar indicates the standard deviation calculated from three independent measurements for a given sample. e Blank control experiments for Ni-TSnS2.