Fig. 6: Biodegradable piezoelectric strain sensors based on PRSC for intestinal peristalsis monitoring.

a Schematic illustration of the piezoelectric strain sensor. b Output voltage of the three channels of the sensor as a function of pressure. c Representative output voltage of the strain sensor under various degree of bending deformation. d Optical images of the implantation of the sensor on the colon surface of New Zealand white rabbits. e Representative voltage output of the sensor demonstrating the intestinal motility at the initial stage in three rabbits. f Output voltage of all three channels of the sensor in the normal group over different time intervals during continuous monitoring for 30 min. g Peristalsis velocity calculated from the phase difference between different channels of the sensor in the normal group over different time interval. h Representative time-frequency diagram measured of the normal group. i Schematic illustration of promoting colonic motility in New Zealand white rabbits through Domperidone administration. j Output voltage of the three channels of the sensor in the Domperidone administration group at multiple time intervals during continuous monitoring for 2 h. k Peristalsis wave velocity calculated from the phase difference between the different channels of the sensor in the Domperidone administration group over different time interval. l Time-frequency diagram measured of the Domperidone administration group during the peak of colonic peristalsis. m Schematic illustration of ischemia due to mesenteric artery occlusion. n Output voltage of the three channels of the sensor in the ischemia group at multiple time intervals during continuous monitoring for 2 h. o Peristalsis wave velocity calculated from the phase difference between the different channels of the sensor in the ischemia group over different time interval. p Time-frequency diagram measured of the ischemia group during severe ischemia. q Analysis of inflammatory factor levels before and after mesenteric ischemia. r H&E staining analysis before and after mesenteric ischemia. In f, g, j, k, n and o, The box plot presents the median (center line), lower quartile (lower border), upper quartile (upper border), maximum (upper whisker) and minimum (lower whisker), which are ≤ 1.5 times the interquartile range. In b, c and q, data are shown as mean ± s.d. In b, c, e–h, j–l, n–r, n = 3 independent experiments. The SPSS software package (version 26.0) is used for the statistical analysis, followed by one-way ANOVA Tukey test (two-sided) (^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001, ^****P < 0.0001).